"As we will see, Muslim women travel in the shared space of the ummah,

but they also travel across multiple ethnic spaces in which they encounter multiple Muslim discourses. Such discourses distinguish not only African American and South Asian Muslim spaces but also Muslim spaces characterized by the same ethnicity, for example, different African American Muslim spaces. Ethnicity is not homogeneous. Members of an ethnic group carry multiple and contrasting loyalties and affiliations within a common ethnic identity, including affiliations related to religious choice, socioeconomic status, gender, and generation. When intraethnic affiliations vary and often compete, this variation translates into moments of separation without one's own ethnic group and a possible connection with a member of another ethnic group.

pg. 96 of Jamillah Karim's American Muslim Women: Negotiating Race, Class, and Gender Within the Ummah